DESEGREGATION BUSING

There was a time when there was forced busing of students from mostly White schools to mostly Black schools and from mostly Black schools to mostly White schools (called desegregation busing). The effects of busing to desegregate schools was a major issue in the 1960s and 1970s but, to some degree, continued into the first decade of this century.  Most hadn't heard about busing until Sen. Kamala Harris (of Black and American Indian heritage) told about how she waited for the bus to take her to a desegregated school in the First Democratic Presidential "debate" for nominees for the 2020 presidential election.

Apparently, desegregation busing worked for Sen. Harris but was very controversial and led to the formation of many private schools for White students.  Many parents choose to live where they feel there are good schools.  to move to such a place and then have your children bused elsewhere was a frustration beyond belief.  The complaints about desegregation busing not only came from Whites but blacks as well.
After busing, 60 percent of Boston parents, both black and white, reported more discipline problems in schools.[4] 
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Ultimately, many black leaders, from Wisconsin State Rep. Annette Polly Williams, a Milwaukee Democrat, to Cleveland Mayor Michael R. White led efforts to end busing.[26]

In 1978, a proponent of busing, Nancy St. John, studied 100 cases of urban busing from the North and did not find what she had been looking for;[4] she found no cases in which significant black academic improvement occurred, but many cases where race relations suffered due to busing, as those in forced-integrated schools had worse relations with those of the opposite race than those in non-integrated schools.[4] Researcher David Armour, also looking for hopeful signs, found that busing "heightens racial identity" and "reduces opportunities for actual contact between the races".[4] A 1992 study led by Harvard University Professor Gary Orfield, who supports busing, found black and Hispanic students lacked "even modest overall improvement" as a result of court-ordered busing.[27]*

Many things were done to avoid desegregation busing.  Perhaps the most extreme was that of Prince Edward County, Virginia:
Berkeley’s school superintendent, Neil Sullivan, was also a vocal supporter of school desegregation. Sullivan took the Berkeley job in 1964, after successfully opening free schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia, which had closed its public schools to avoid court-ordered desegregation, leaving black students without public education for four years.**

Not all studies claim that overall busing did not work, there are studies of racially integrated school have benefits to both Minorities and Whites.  One curious effect of busing was the decline in the number of black teachers.  though this is often mentioned, I have not seen an explanation of why.
(https://tcf.org/content/facts/the-benefits-of-socioeconomically-and-racially-integrated-schools-and-classrooms/?session=1)(https://chalkbeat.org/posts/us/2019/07/01/busing-for-school-integration-succeed-work-research/)

I have read a book by a woman who is a Black who says that even within an "integrated" there is little mixing between the Minority students and the Whites.  for example a lunchtime the Minority students will eat at their own tables and Whites at other tables.
(https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/09/06/beverly-daniel-tatum-discusses-new-version-why-are-all-black-kids-sitting-together)

I think it is safe to say that there no issue more heated than segregation busing.


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing
** https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/07/kamala-harris-and-busing-debate/593047/